“Anarcho-Primitivism: The Green Scare in Green Political Theory”
I was looking through some of the faces that appeared in the End:Civ documentary I mentioned and came across a man named Michael Becker. He’s a political science professor at an institution in California, but more important to me was his research interest: “philosophical and tactical parallels between the Zapatistas and the Earth Liberation Front, drawing on Deleuze’s conception of the rhizome.” I was immediately drawn to contact him and ask him about his work. He got back to me quickly, and I to him as fast, and then he sent me a paper which can be downloaded at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1580329. Overall, it’s a great paper.
Selections from the paper are composed in italics and taken as is, while my questions and responses follow. As a sidenote, I don’t necessarily expect returned responses. My logic is oft-flawed when compared to the article or the “special” tone of my words aren’t respective. Either way, the discussions cease and I’m left to conjure accusations.
“Cybernetic life dispenses with a basic dialectical tension between civilization and primitive existence that has always appeared in the consciousness of civilized cultures. For AI and genetics engineers, such a split simply does not exist.” I think there’s a cleverer way to defeat those we assume are against our values. Why select engineers as inhumane, when if fact they could be doing some great work outside of their obviously irrational career choice? I’m nitpicking about your selection of techies to criticize because I’m aware of your knowledge of rhizomes and each individual’s potential to supersede conventional judgments.
“Mainstream green political theorists and organizations repudiate attacks against institutions and offer rewards for the capture of radical environmentalists. But it is not so much the tactics that are the target of green political theorists and organizations. Rather, it is the suggestion of a return to the primitive — the healing of the wound that is abstraction, a wound that tears us from the world and tears the world to pieces.” I find inherent fault in the line “healing of the wound that is abstraction”, which suggests civilization is based on intangibility. This isn’t the case, is it? Everything we are afforded via media is available to us if we follow a particular path or are given the option of steps to obtain civilized treasures. The spectacular surround is abstract – advertising, currency, political infrastructure, representative democracy – but the outcome (the relationships you’ve mentioned to me) are very real, albeit dependent upon a classy, faceless, superficial facade of messages. Not siding with green theorists by any means, but green anarchists, and anarchists in general, need abstraction to put the world back together again once we destroy civilization.
“Humans are a biological species belonging to a particular taxonomic order and characterized by certain physiological functions. But humans are the only type of creature that can be characterized as a moral agent because each aspect of our existence–from the general life pattern to specific rules, even to the question of whether to continue to exist as a species or not–is allegedly open to deliberation and choice. Our human existence as a teleological center of life is unique to say the least in that even our continued species existence is open to choice. By contrast, non-human creatures are incapable of choice and thus can only be considered as moral subjects.” This is a pretty heavy transition to make from Paul Taylor’s “free will and autonomy”. How are humans the only type of creature able to be characterized as “moral agent” through deliberation and choice when it’s still unclear the level of deliberation and choice nonhuman animals have? There are many species with the capability to choose, and choose based on social or community thinking, even if their options are limited to what is resourcefully available. We’re in the same circumstance as they in a discussion of choice, but they’re more aware of their resources since they have a firsthand account of obtaining them.
I realize there’s some academic logic of sarcasm you build throughout your paper (such as the paragraph above) which then leads to great critiques in the footnotes (i.e. Mill, Chomsky, Bookchin). I’m curious why your passages on Taylor’s paper can’t be as passionately oppositional as the footnotes and still retain the traditional, academic framework through language and content? I understand the necessary format for academic critique, and while your context and emotion are engaging, the structural expectation journals demand is confusing, unexciting and immature. Why not hit them hard right away instead of waiting until there’s some sort of logical build expectedly inherent in academic writing?
“The hierarchy of humans and nature is duplicated within human cultures. All cultures are equal. But some cultures are more equal than others, an equation solved for by rational and enlightened members of higher cultures. Thus both the lives and natural environments of wild plants and animals and the activities of persons engaging in lower cultural activities must give way to the interests of those engaging in higher level cultural activities. Civ-centrism in Taylor turns out to be the ten thousand year old tradition of the manifest destiny of of a certain type of human existence.” Are higher and lower cultures based on rational and logical distinctions alone? Is this the standard for “most” people who distinguish between cultural groups? Or at least those within such discourse? And fantastic final sentence, which has gotten me thinking about the taxonomy of humanity. Is it possible there are separate Homo species not purely sapiens, evolved to either support Civ or Prim? I know this isn’t a duality, but I offer it as an example. I also know a few thinkers are serious about Homo academicus, Homo novus or Homo economicus, but is it possible to use traditional anthropological taxonomy to honestly and fairly distinguish between modern human groupings? Is this not the direction anarchists aim to go? From a psychological perspective, it seems like the only serious option if a movement toward ending civilization is inevitable – a forced cleaving of basic human interaction into its rightful groupings.
“That ‘nature,’ is socially constructed is evident in its shifting, socially contextualized meanings. In the western tradition nature first relates primarily to religious concerns about a realm of evil, a place of the devil’s snares. As civilization becomes more secularly oriented nature is transformed into a chaotic place as opposed to orderly society and, later still, a reserve of inert ‘resources’ waiting to be tapped, available for the fueling of civilization. Finally, nature becomes a sign within a semiotic system of accelerating and rigidly controlled commodification. Nature is a point of sale with ‘natural’ foods, ‘nature’ adventures, and accompanying ‘outdoor’ products. Advertising for and consuming each product and service contains the slight thrill of experiencing something external, alien, dangerous and forbidden. The continuing theme in each of these iterations of the concept of nature as wilderness is that nature is a threat and its intrusion into civilization a form of deviance. Fantastic description of “nature” and its perceptual steps through human history. Is it possible we’re still in the battle between nature-as-chaos and nature-as-commodity, and the end result will be a choice between the two? Nature-as-evil is on its way out, though USA is a little behind the rest of the world, right? With current geological and meteorological events in New Zealand, Japan and a wintered USA, nature is recruiting chaos consistently (or visa versa, as I prefer it), yet our solution tends to be the next step, semiotic. Unfortunately, I still see nature, chaos and semiotic as signs which we can’t get away from, which is why I’m interested in your living activity.
“Where Taylor and green political theory would like to absorb all understanding and experience into civilization, anarcho-primitivists want to destroy it.” For my own, personal curiosity, is it possible for anarcho-primitivists to absorb all understanding and experience primitively? I mean, we still use Iron, Bronze, Industrial and Information Age tekne readily and hypocritically (that’s why I enjoy Derrick Jensen – he’s self-aware of his hypocrisy). Do you have the confidence and means to survive without the 10,000 years or so of civilized human culture? What is suitable for retention and what is not? Is it truly a matter of judgment? Is that all we have to offer or is there a clear plan of action and use? This is always where I’m held up, looking for those completely autonomous and independent within USA. Seems we envy our past tribal cultures and the few remaining tribal cultures worldwide.
“Rousseau describes the primitive soul as one which “gives itself up to entirely to to the consciousness of its present existence, without any thought of even the nearest futurity.” (Rousseau, 190) By contrast, civilization revolves around planning of the most grandiose ‘futurity’: large scale agriculture, urban planning, military training and expeditions, bureaucratic control of the population, exploration of earth and distant space. Planning, of this magnitude, requires detachment of self from an abstract conception of a potentially transformed space (the conquest of ‘nature’) stretching out over an abstractly configured temporality.” I’m unclear why planning of the magnitude of “large scale agriculture, urban planning, military training…” and so on requires detachment of self from space and time? Does it have to do with conscience, with a self of true, moral authority? I tend to see a direct attachment of the self to abstract conceptions of time and space, for if one was directly engaged in the process of destroying huge swaths of land, uprooting underrepresented groups, murdering civilians, arresting crying housewives, and destroying slugs with each step or dark matter with each rocket-fueled propulsion, they might not actually want to do it. There’s a major disconnect of self between the actual events undertaken and the conceptual planning of those paying others to due such things. Again, this brings me back to finding people who can speak at our level of discourse, but also live as pure examples of that discourse. Not everyone is doing what harms the life we love, right?
And while I like Zerzan, and his and your discussions of Time, a simple understanding of Einstein’s general theory of relativity (albeit, he was a nuclear agent), clarifies time fairly easily.
“Time marks an initial break in consciousness as the literal sense of thinking conjoined with what is thought. Time creates a tear in a mode of thought that had always been one with the field of perception. Memory now can serve a segmented, disembodied field of consciousness that separates perception and perceived and treats the latter as an isolated instance of separate, abstract cognition. Time opens intellectual space for a mode of representative and symbolic thought that can hold the thing represented in a temporal state of suspension. The re- presented image of the ‘thing’ now exists in a cognitively independent space separate from its primal occurrence, the latter being the field in which the perceiver is co-present. It is only in this state of literally suspended animation, a lifeless, soulless state, that the living elements of the primal field can be set up as ‘objects’ by a ‘subject’ who will master them. The decisive aspects of civilization–abstract language including writing, number, art as an attempt at recuperating lost presence, specialization and division of labor–all stem originally from a sort of intellectual killing field, reified time.” Wow! This is some heavy shit, sooo good! First off, how do you make the logical, or psychological transition from Time to Memory? Memory doesn’t necessarily have any relationship to time, being selected experiences rather than linear transitions from then to now. Don’t we tend to remember events, people, places and things based on their importance, their usefulness to another aspect of who we are? So, memory can be recruited to serve perception as its serial accomplice, or in parallel, if we wish or learn it as such. The line before, “Time creates a tear in a mode of thought that had always been one with the field of perception,” is awesomely-stated and reminds me of Julian Jaynes’ bicameral mind. He posits that our consciousness prior to civilization consisted of schizophrenic symptoms, whereby we would hear audible voices representing gods of nature – flora, fauna, terra, aqua. As we increased in population and social pressures deemed dependency more central in our lives, order and organization aided in the development of hierarchy, writing, etc. (as you mention in your final sentence above) and those gods or voices of nature became local audibles – kings, lords, family, etc. – until finally it became our own voice. The “intellectual killing field” has been established and our “intellect” is now civilized as “logos”. I’m also a bit alienated by the consideration that my creativity (whether by painting, writing, speaking, crafting, plowing, growing) is reified time, some illusory instance for what action needs to be happening. I know the distinction between “civilized planning” and “livable planning” is there, but it’s not obvious and could be.
Your transition from the very workable, thoughtful discussion of reified spacetime to agriculture is not clear to me though the semiotic is. I feel there’s a stretch to include agriculture as our divergence from primitive, hunter-gatherer lifestyle because it has been declared so by anthropologists, sociologists and psychologists alike. What’s more fundamental than the need to enclose space and do it to appease our sense of controlled time? What about the simple act of eating? Not everyone was farming, and in fact, there are several cultures who don’t today. They’re hunters, fishers and gatherers, maybe grazers. Could it be agriculture is the bane, the intellectual slip up we resort to when finding the canary in a dark place, post-destruction? How are we going to support the new order of humanity when civilization has crashed and millions, hundreds of millions, have perished?
“Throughout his writing Derek [Derrick] Jensen has noted the similarity between the abusive parent and the abuse of nature. Since the violence of civilization is inevitable we desensitize ourselves to the suffering of the plant and animal world just as the child shuts down his natural emotional response to the incidents of child abuse. The horror is too vivid to acknowledge and confront.” I’d have to go back and read his excerpts, but could we look at it from the parent’s perspective; something so loved as a child should also be synonymous to that of nonhuman organisms, yet we can beat a child into submission and hence, can beat everything which supports our physical survival into submission as well, stating it’s for their own good and our continued existence as “dad”.
“From the moment of the first agri-culture forward those who have mastered agricultural knowledge become similarly separated from the human, animate tools employed in the drudgery of tilling. Domestication and the process of selective breeding immediately appears among humans.” Do you have evidence for selective breeding coming from those mastering “agricultural knowledge? I see Ur is the default culture, but is there no prior evidence of lineage, either matrilineal or patrilineal, being of importance to either early civilized or primitive cultures and selective breeding being the form with which to conserve genes or family?
“Primitive cultures are rooted in myths. Civilizations are based on lies.” Aren’t they both fabrications?
I loved this paper because it had me on high alert and flexed my ability to think about levels of radical, activist thinking I don’t often consider. I produce obvious retort, as opposed to scholarly vocabulary and academic embattlement, opting to express immediate feelings about the dense, unnecessary lingo defaulted to. There’s an expectation I’m supposed to see a person of stature – a person with a doctorate – as an expert and immediately support and honor their standing as one who has also experienced the false hierarchy we’re all made to survive. Maybe I should be nice, maybe I should kiss some ass, but I’m getting pretty tired of having to do that in order to make some distanced relationship work to my advantage. Lethargy within the frame of academic writing and discourse has always been the problem. Select the small thinker and step on the toes of those above. If they’re known and seen, they’re not doing what they’re supposed to be doing. I wait for an honest exchange and I’m still waiting. Someone gets to know what’s happening.

